FuturesTechs Blog

After a strong session on Thursday that saw us back into positive territory we had a weak day on Friday, but we held above the 130.67 level that has now become our reference point to stay with the bulls.

So this looks like a buying opportunity in a market that is embarking on a resumption of an uptrend, a market that has just seen a pullback within the uptrend, and a market that should now be thinking about retesting the highs at 133.26.

If 130.65 fails to hold the bulls have one more opportunity to salvage things, a gap at 130.25.

Below are the short term support and resistance levels, the important ones highlighted in bold type.

As well as the Bund we also cover the Bobl, Schatz, Euribor, Short Sterling, US 10 Year Notes and 3 month Eurodollars, offering a comprehensive coverage for Futures days traders. Please ask us for a free trial to see if we can complement your current daily routine.

We included the RSI and Parabolic SAR indicators in the new levels sheet available in our Members Area, so thought that it would be worthwhile to briefly introduce them to anyone who might not be familiar with how they worked or how to use them.

Fig 1: The New Levels Sheet. (Click to enlarge)

RSI (Relative Strength Index)

One of the most popular oscillators, the Relative Strength Index was first introduced by J. Welles Wilder in his popular, now-classic book, “New Concepts in Technical Trading Systems” (Trend Research, 1978).

The calculation might not look intuitive, but it really isn’t too complicated:

where RS is the “Relative Strength” of up days versus down days over the period being used (typically fourteen).

As originally calculated by Welles Wilder, the strength of up days is calculated as follows: for each day, “Up” is recorded as: the difference between the close and the prior close if there was on increase, or as zero if there wasn’t. “Down” is recorded similarly: the size of the difference between the close and prior close (always a positive number) if it decreased, or zero if it didn’t. The exponential moving averages of “Up” and “Down” are calculated, with the EMA of “Up” then divided by EMA of “Down” to give us the Relative Strength.

RSI is bounded in the range 0-100, and the use of the exponential moving averages makes it reasonably smooth, solving two issues which often arise with oscillators (for example: the simple Momentum indicator - the difference between latest close price and the price n periods ago - is neither smooth nor bounded, making for volatile swings which can’t be compared across markets).

The key takeaways from RSI are:

The ideas that hold true for oscillators in general hold true with the RSI. The oscillator will frequently turn around before the price does – for example, a price still rising that is accompanied by a falling RSI produces a bearish divergence between price and oscillator, a major warning that the up trend is running out of steam (see Fig 2 below).

Fig 2: NASDAQ Futures, September 1999 – May 2000. Divergence between price and RSI at the height of the bubble. (Click to enlarge)

It’s worth reinforcing that extreme RSI readings do not by themselves constitute buy or sell signals. For example, the most that a high RSI, even one above 70, can indicate is that if the market is ranging, it is now due for a correction. The sell signal won’t actually be produced until RSI starts declining back toward neutral levels, and if the market is trending instead of ranging, then it could stay at elevated levels for extended periods of time. As with any indicator, trader discretion is advised.

When looking at our levels sheets, simply checking whether the RSI is above or below 50 tells you something about the internal strength of that market. Additionally, we highlight the figure in yellow if it is in one of the extreme overbought/ oversold zones. A cluster of extreme overbought/oversold markets in the same sector of our equities, commodities or Forex sheets provides interesting information about general market trends, while also helping us to identify specific opportunities.

Parabolic SAR

Another invention by Welles Wilder, the Parabolic Stop-and-Reverse is designed as a trailing stop system with a difference. Originally called the Parabolic Time/Price System, the stop is calculated as function of price and time.

The SAR alternates between providing stops for shorts and longs, switching as soon as a stop is activated. In the chart above, the blue marks are the stops for shorts, with the red marks the stops for longs. As you can see, this system is “always in”, meaning that it always indicates an uptrend or a downtrend (depending on which type of stop was the last one to be activated), so that somebody who focused exclusively on it would always have a position in the market. This makes it unsuitable for ranging markets, where a trader using it would be constantly whipsawed (see Fig 3 below).

Figure 3: NASDAQ Futures, January - May 2009. Whipsawed until mid-February, and then helpfully following the trends. (Click to enlarge)

The stop is calculated by:

Today’s SAR = (Yesterday’s SAR) + (Acceleration Factor)*(Yesterday’s Extreme Price – Yesterday’s SAR),

where yesterday’s extreme price is the high in a downtrend, or the low in an uptrend, and the Acceleration Factor is a fraction which increases incrementally each day up to a maximum value, providing the distinctive parabolic shape (this is the part of the formula incorporating time).

The recommended use of the Parabolic SAR is as a stop in a trending market where other, primary tools of analysis have originally motivated the trade. The stops which it provides won’t rush to the price action too quickly at the start of a serious move, thus giving it some initial time in which to develop. However, the increasing “Acceleration Factor” means that it will pick up speed when it isn’t activated, until it races quickly towards the price. This means that when the trend does eventually lose momentum, it will quickly catch up with the price and close out the trade.

Our levels sheets provide the SAR stop in green if it’s the stop in an uptrend, or in red if it’s the stop in a downtrend. Again, simply browsing which sectors are predominantly in uptrends or downtrends according to the SAR provides useful information, even if you aren’t using the stops in trading a specific market.

A Note on Parameters

Note that as with all indicators, the parameters of the RSI and the Parabolic SAR can be tailored to suit the individual markets under consideration. Our levels sheets use the most commonly used parameters for each indicator (14 periods for the RSI, an acceleration factor of .02*(t) up to a maximum of .2 for the Para SAR), for the same reason that we look at 10, 20 and 50-day moving averages: besides being reasonable parameters to use most of the time in their own right, they are the parameters that a majority of people automatically use anyway, and therefore gain technical significance purely on that basis.

Other Indicators, Other Markets?

The levels sheets are there to assist our members and if there are particular indicators and/or markets which you would like to receive automated levels for, please let us know and we’ll do our best to include them. While automated indicators and levels are never going to be a trader’s panacea, when incorporated into an overall strategy they are a key ingredient of successful trading.

Graham Neary (graham@futurestechs.co.uk)

One of the features we added when we made the free suite of levels is a collection of moving averages for each market we cover. These complement the pivot points and market profile levels which we had already been providing on a daily basis.

The moving averages are on 3 different timeframes: 10-day, 20-day and 50-day. We colour these numbers green when the 10-day is higher than the 20-day and the 20-day is higher than the 50-day, or red if the 10-day is lower than the 20-day and the 20-day is lower than the 50-day.

But why do technicians look at moving averages? The simplest way to put it is that the moving average is a smoothed trendline, and one of the most efficient ways of grasping the trend of any market. Unlike other technical tools (candlesticks and chart patterns, for example), the moving average is not designed to be an immediate predictor of future price action or key pivot points (though it does sometimes provide support and resistance levels). Instead, its job is to gives us a handle on the longer-term price direction. On the basis that trends tend to persist, aligning ourselves with this direction is usually to our advantage.

We use “simple” moving averages: this means that for the 10-day MA, for example, we simply calculate the average of the closing prices of the previous 10 days. There are other types of moving average (linearly weighted, exponential, etc.) which assign greater importance to more recent closing prices, or include data from all previous days using various different formulations for weighting the data, but the simple average remains the most commonly used.

As a lagging indicator, the moving average doesn’t react as soon as the price begins to trend, and it doesn’t reverse as soon as the trend changes course either. But in return for missing out on the exact start and finish of a trend, we get a measure of direction which doesn’t get knocked out by immediate fluctuations, helping us to stay true to the longer-term moves and resist trading too frequently.

There are a couple of variables which go into the makeup of the moving average. Apart from selecting which type of average to use, as already mentioned, we also need to choose the timeframe and the price to be entered into the calculation. While most people think that closing price is the most meaningful number as compared to the opening price or some other figure, there is no strong consensus about the choice of timeframe. The trade-off in this decision is between significance and responsiveness. A longer-period timeframe will certainly avoid being whipsawed and stay with the biggest moves, but it will also spend a great amount of time on the losing side when a trend changes course. A shorter-period timeframe will much better react to changes in trend, but will also get whipsawed more frequently and suggest more losing trades when there is a relatively weak trend.

One way to combine the best of both worlds is to use more than one moving average on the same chart. We can then look at moving average crossovers as buy and sell signals: when a shorter-term moving average crosses the long-term equivalent from below, we get a buy signal, and when it crosses from above, we get a sell signal.

This can work beautifully in markets with a well-defined trend. Using 10-week and 20-week moving averages to trade Brent crude oil, we would have got a buy signal on 19^th March, 2007 (closing price that day at $63.20), a sell signal on 25^th August 2008 (at $115.17), and a buy signal today (closing price somewhere around $52).

The problems arise in a trendless or choppy market, where the dangers of getting whipsawed increase and relying on moving averages can lead to ruination.

Suppose we tried to use 10-day and 20-day MAs to trade Brent crude in 2009, and in the most naïve way imaginable. How would it have worked out so far?

The horror show above doesn’t prove that these timeframes won’t work in the future (a rally from here could make the recent buy signal at $43.90 look inspired) but it does prove that they were the wrong timeframes to use over this trading period.

The lesson is that moving averages, as with any other indicator, must be used appropriately for the market under consideration, and in combination with other indicators and insights.

What we provide on our levels sheet are the 10-day, 20-day and 50-day MAs for the markets we cover, allowing members to get a feel for the price location in comparison to a decent selection of averages. As mentioned above, we point to the bullish or bearish alignment of these averages by highlighting them green when the 10-day is higher than the 20-day and the 20-day is higher than the 50-day, or red if the 10-day is lower than the 20-day and the 20-day is lower than the 50-day. Some traders who want to ride confirmed medium-term trends will wait for this kind of ultra-strong triple alignment before taking a position. The extreme case is when the price and moving averages are all aligned, and all moving in the same direction. Now that’s a trend!

But here’s a chart of the FTSE Index over the past 10 months, with the 10-day (red), 20-day (blue) and 50-day (black) MAs included, another example of the potential outcomes when using just one indicator:

Following the signals, and only closing out our positions when the moving averages turned to neutral, would have been great for the two downward moves in the first half of this chart. However, it also would have proved costly during the ranging market from November to January, which produced three false signals. To avoid being topped and tailed, we’d have to change the exit strategy during this time in order to take our profits much more quickly – something the moving averages will not help us to do. But the momentum of the averages should still be enough in most cases to ensure that the action continues in our direction for at least a few more points. Our level of confidence in the ability of the market to trend, combined with short-term indicators, should help to advise us on the correct course of action.

The point is that if you want to trade in the direction of a big trend, wait until you get the green or red highlights on our summary page. If the numbers are black, then there is simply no reason to get involved (at least, not from the point of view of the moving averages).

In the coming weeks and months we’ll be expanding the resources offered on our website to include exclusive files for our members covering new markets and new indicators. If there are particular markets or indicators you’d like us to cover, please let us know. For now, we hope you enjoy the levels sheet and find that the addition of the moving averages contributes to your successful trading!

Graham Neary (graham@futurestechs.co.uk)